> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://offthepace.mintlify.site/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Constructors: isolating car pace from the driver

> Two features that read the constructor's contribution to lap time from a fixed-effects panel model the season-level structural pace and the per-circuit interaction term after controlling for driver skill, tyre state, and conditions.

## What this pillar does

The Constructors pillar asks the inverse of the Drivers question: **how fast is the car,
with the driver removed?** Both features here read from `int_constructor_structural_pace`,
which carries the constructor's fixed-effect coefficient from a two-way panel model that
controls for driver skill, tyre compound, fuel, ambient conditions, and track evolution.

The same car-pace term that powers these two features also feeds the Driver pillar's
de-biasing chain so "car pace" means precisely the same thing whether you're ranking
teams or isolating a driver's skill from their machinery.

## Every feature in this pillar

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Structural Pace" icon="car" href="/app/constructor-structural-pace">
    Each constructor's car contribution to lap time from a fixed-effects panel model, after
    controlling for driver skill, tyre state, fuel, and conditions.
  </Card>

  <Card title="Circuit Interaction" icon="map" href="/app/constructor-circuit-interaction">
    A heatmap of how each constructor over- or under-performs at specific circuits relative
    to their own season average the circuit × constructor interaction term.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>